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Article History

Received: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data analysed in this study consist of observational interaction logs generated by learners in the ordinary course of using a commercial online music-education platform; no experimental intervention was imposed for research purposes. The legal basis for the secondary research use of these records is the platform’s Terms of Service, accepted by learners at registration, which include explicit consent to the use of de-identified interaction data for research and service-improvement purposes. Before any data were released to the author, the platform operator removed direct identifiers (names, contact details, account identifiers, and free-text fields capable of carrying identifying information) and replaced account keys with random surrogate identifiers, so that the analysed dataset was pseudonymised at source and the author had no access to re-identifying information. The secondary analysis was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts (Reference Number: IRB-2023-MUSAI-047), which examined the consent and de-identification arrangements and, given the observational nature of the data and the pseudonymisation applied, waived a requirement for additional study-specific written consent. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable data-protection regulations governing educational research.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable personal information regarding participants has been included in this manuscript.