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Authors
Chowdhury, Shayhan Ameen
Shin, Ga Young
Lee, Seung Eun
Han, Seon-Sook
Kim, Sae Rom
Lee, Young-Koo
Park, Jinkyeong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8833-9062
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI21C1074)
This work was supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2025. (20251311)
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Accepted: 17 July 2026
First Online: 24 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Kangwon National University Hospital (KNUH-2022-10-006-001; approved October 6, 2022), Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong (KHNMC2022-10-001; approved November 10, 2022), and Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (DUIH2022-11-022; approved November 16, 2022). Annual continuing reviews have been conducted and approved at all three institutions through November 2025. The requirement for informed consent was waived by all three IRBs due to the retrospective nature of the study and the exclusive use of de-identified electronic health record data. All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study analyzed retrospective, anonymized data from electronic health records, and individual patients cannot be identified from the data presented in this article. All data were handled under relevant data protection and privacy regulations.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
