Negesse, Aynye
Medhin, Girmay
Aklilu, Esayas
Animut, Abebe
Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 27 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (ALIPB-IRERC/118/2016/23). The Addis Ababa Health Bureau wrote a letter to Akaki Kality Sub-City to facilitate the study (A/A/9800/227). Akaki Kality Sub-City also wrote letters requesting support from the respective health centers participating in the study. Ethical approval was also obtained from the AHRI ALERT Ethics Review Committee (AAERC, P0-019-24). Informed consent was obtained from each house owner before sampling water sources around their houses and compounds.