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Article History

Received: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 20 July 2026

First Online: 31 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: J.P.O, A.K. and S.K. are listed as inventors on a patent on monobodies targeting the nucleotide-free state of RAS held jointly by the Medical University of South Carolina and New York University (No. 62/862,924). K.W.T., A.K., and S.K. are listed as inventors on a patent application on mutant RAS targeting monobodies filed by New York University (Application No. 63/121,903). A.K. and S.K. are listed as inventors on issued and pending patents on monobody technology filed by The University of Chicago (US Patent 9512199 B2 and related pending applications), and on a pending patent on NRAS-selective monobodies (WO2023192915A1). S.K. is a co-founder, receives consulting fees and hold equity in Aethon Therapeutics; is a co-founder and holds equity in Revalia Bio; has received research funding from Aethon Therapeutics, Argenx BVBA, Black Diamond Therapeutics, and Puretech Health, all outside of the current work. A.K. is the spouse of S.K. and shares the conflicts listed above. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data and materials availability: Data and materials are available upon request from the authors.