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Authors
Uddin, Md. Jamal
Chowdhury, Anwarul Islam
Islam, Md. Shaidul
Baul, Tarit Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-0657
Kilpeläinen, Antti
Nath, Tapan Kumar
Karmakar, Shyamal
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 22 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical declaration: The study protocol received approval from the academic and research committee of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences (IFES) at the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. This study did not involve human participants or animals, and therefore, ethical approval was not required.We collected herbaceous vegetation and grasses only for the purpose of assessing biomass. No threatened, protected, or endangered species were specifically targeted. Field sampling was carried out in accordance with Bangladesh’s relevant national environmental and forestry rules, including the terms of the Bangladesh Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012, if applicable. The study followed the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction, and no Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)-regulated activities were conducted.
