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Authors
Mselema, Joseph
Meremo, Alfred
Komanya, Francisca
Sindato, Emmanuel
Bintabara, Deogratius https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-870X
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 24 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: The ethical approval to conduct this study was obtained from the Ethical Research Committee of the University of Dodoma (reference: MA. 84/261/83/5 ). In particular, the Directorate of Training and Research, at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital and DRRH, approved the data collection as well, with reference numbers No.AB.150/293/01/” B”/352 and PB.22/1307/02/ respectively. All study participants signed written informed consent and agreed to the publishing of their anonymized data. This study did not expose patients with CKD to unnecessary risks. Confidentiality was maintained at all levels of the study; it was assured by excluding names and identifiers in the questionnaire, and the data were used only for this study’s purpose. The study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines.
