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Authors
Song, Yaxin
Gao, Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-0947
Du, Yifan
Gao, Yigao
Gao, Tianchen
Wei, Jing
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Article History
Received: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 21 July 2026
First Online: 25 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their proxies. ELSA was approved by the London Multicenter Research Ethics Committee (MREC/01/2/91). CHARLS was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB 00001052–11015). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines.
