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Authors
Wu, Fengxia
Ai, Fanbo
Zhao, Xin
Wang, Meng
Yang, Jingjing
Hao, Tengfei
Wang, Wenhui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jilin Provincial Scientific and Technological Development Program (YDZJ202301ZYTS418)
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2026
First Online: 28 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics declarations: All procedures in the original ADNI study were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki, and were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating ADNI institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. The present study involved a secondary analysis of de-identified ADNI data accessed under the ADNI Data Use Agreement. The authors did not recruit participants, administer the MMSE, or collect any new clinical or imaging data. Therefore, no additional institutional review board approval or informed consent was required for the present analysis.
