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Authors
Bick, Alexis J.
Avenant, Chanel
Dlamini, Sigcinile
Moliki, Johnson Mosoko
Dicks, Natalie
Maasdorp, Elizna
Kleynhans, Léanie
Smit, Jenni
Hofmeyr, G. Justus
Morrison, Charles
Tang, Yu Hsin
Chen, Pai-Lien
Hapgood, Janet P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI152118)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD083026)
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the WHICH trial was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee (FHS HREC, M180528) of the University of Witwatersrand, and from the East London Hospital Institutional Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Provincial Departments of Health of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. All participants provided written informed consent. This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Approvals for this sub-study on stored human samples were obtained from the University of Cape Town Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 664/2018) and the University of Cape Town Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC047-2020).
