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Article History

Received: 27 May 2026

Accepted: 21 July 2026

First Online: 30 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Local Research Ethics Committee for Research Involving Living Creatures at the University of Hafr Al-Batin. The research protocol, survey instrument, and data collection procedures were reviewed and approved in accordance with institutional research regulations and internationally recognized ethical standards for research involving human participants. Approval was granted under Approval No. HPO-05-FT-25/18 in June 2024, prior to the commencement of data collection. The scope of the approval covered participant recruitment, data collection procedures, confidentiality safeguards, and data management practices. The study did not involve any clinical experimentation.

Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, the use of anonymized data for research purposes, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured. Informed consent was obtained electronically at the time of data collection, which was conducted between July 2024 and February 2025.

AI use disclosure statement: ChatGPT was used solely to improve language clarity. All scientific content and interpretations are the author’s own.