Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 April 2026

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 27 July 2026

<b>Declarations</b>

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Candidate participants were informed of their selection for the National Mental Health Survey for Children and Adolescents (NMHSK-CA 2022) and their right to refuse participation as prescribed by the National Health Promotion Act. All participants provided written informed consent, and the procedures used conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University (IRB no. H-2204-099-1316) approved the NMHSK-CA 2022, and the IRB of Gachon University Gil Medical Center approved the analysis protocol (IRB no. GCIRB2025-363).