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Article History

Received: 30 May 2026

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 8 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Changchun Guanghua University (Reference Number: CGHU-IRB-2024–0376). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment, with separate consent forms obtained for biometric monitoring and interview recording. Biometric records were pseudonymized at capture using participant codes stored separately from the signal files, held on encrypted institutional servers with access limited to the named investigators, and scheduled for deletion of raw waveforms once derived features had been validated; participants were told they could withdraw at any time, including after data collection, and request deletion of their biometric records without penalty. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.