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Authors
Ouchi, Rina
Samejima, Kazuyuki
Nagasawa, Miho
Kikusui, Takefumi
Nakano, Takashi
Kubo, Takatomi
Ikeda, Kazushi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H01620)
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2026
First Online: 8 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics declarations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (approval number 2016-I-11) and Tamagawa University (approval number H28-01), and all experiments were conducted in accordance with the committee’s guidelines and regulations.
Approval for animal experiments: Not applicable. The dogs were not subjected to any invasive procedure or experimental intervention and appeared only in video footage recorded during non-invasive dog-training interactions for use as visual stimuli. Written permission to film the dogs and to use the resulting footage for research and publication purposes was obtained from the guide dog association responsible for their care and training. As the study did not involve an animal experiment or experimental procedures performed on the dogs, the ARRIVE guidelines were not applicable.
