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Authors
Yang, Xiangyan
Zhang, Xiaodong
Cai, Xin
Zhao, Zuqiao
Qu, Ying
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2026
Accepted: 27 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the HRS, and was therefore exempt from additional institutional review board approval. The protocol for the original HRS was reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board (Reference No. HUM00061128). That survey was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, with written informed consent obtained from all participants.
Consent for publication: All authors approved the final manuscript and the submission to this journal.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
