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Authors
Arage, Fetlework Gubena
Tsegaw, Tigist Kifle
Abate, Tsegasilassie Gebremariam
Alemu, Eyob Akalewold
Tekle, Yeelshaday Asrat
Eyasu, Maregu Biresaw
Tadese, Zinabu Bekele
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 27 July 2026
First Online: 8 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilized secondary data from the World Health Organization’s STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) survey. The data were anonymized and publicly available, need additional ethical approval from WHO steps team to download the data. The original data collection received ethical clearance from the respective national ethics committees and was conducted in accordance with WHO guidelines and national regulations.
