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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2026

First Online: 14 August 2026

Declarations

Clinical trial number: Not applicable. The deployment study was an educational randomized controlled trial conducted in school settings rather than a clinical trial; it was registered internally under Jilin Normal University ethics number IRB-2024-JLNU-FL-037.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No identifiable information regarding participants has been included.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Jilin Normal University (Reference Number: IRB-2024-JLNU-FL-037). All participants involved in cognitive load annotation, as well as those enrolled in the 12-week deployment randomized controlled trial, provided written informed consent prior to enrolment; parental consent was additionally obtained for participants under 18 years of age. The trial protocol was pre-registered with the Open Science Framework (registration identifier: OSF.IO/EFL-RCT-2024-09; 25 August 2024), and the trial is reported in line with the CONSORT 2025 reporting guidelines 64 . The study used publicly available educational datasets and was conducted in accordance with relevant national regulations and institutional guidelines for educational research.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.