Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 5 August 2026

First Online: 9 August 2026

Ethics

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval: This study involving mice was approved by the human clinical samples of The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (S603). This study involving mice was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments of The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital(Ethics Approval No. S0087), the maximum allowed tumor burden was 10% of the mouse’s body weight. All experimental methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the ARRIVE Guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments; ), the editorial policies of Scientific Reports regarding experimental subjects ( ), and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2020) (for anesthesia and euthanasia procedures). No procedures were conducted that violated international or national norms for animal experimental ethics. The colon cancer tissue microarray (TMA) used in this study (catalog No. HColA030PG08-2) was provided by Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co., Ltd. The construction and application of this TMA were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co., Ltd. (approval No. SHYJS-CP-2210016, date: October 12, 2022). All sample collection and usage complied with the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Human Genetic Resources (Decree No. 717 of the State Council) and the Biosafety Law of the People’s Republic of China, and adhered to ethical standards. This study only utilized de-identified TMA sections for immunohistochemical detection, without involving any personal patient information, thus no additional informed consent was required.