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Article History

Received: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 5 August 2026

First Online: 8 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human participants. Before participation, all individuals provided informed consent after receiving a comprehensive explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. The consent process was conducted in a clear and accessible manner, with opportunities for participants to ask questions and receive clarification. All data were handled with strict confidentiality, and participant anonymity was maintained throughout the study. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hanoi Medical University (IRB00003121/1385/GCN-HMUIRB) to ensure adherence to ethical standards and the protection of participants’ rights and well-being.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Generative artificial intelligence use: Generative artificial intelligence tools were used only to support English language editing and manuscript formatting. They were not used for study design, data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation, or generation of scientific conclusions. All AI-assisted text was reviewed and approved by the authors.