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Authors
Abdul-Wahab, Dickson
Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-2286
Yalley, Celestina Akasi
Asare, Ebenezer Aquisman
Laar, Cynthia
Chakrabarti, Tulika
Hiran, Kamal Kant
Ambushe, Abayneh Ataro
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2026
Accepted: 7 August 2026
First Online: 11 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Sampling permissions: Groundwater samples were collected from active public boreholes constructed and maintained by World Vision International in the Karaga District of Northern Ghana. All boreholes sampled are publicly accessible and located outside restricted or privately owned land. As a result, no specific permissions from landowners were required for groundwater sample collection.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
