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Authors
Buddhasiri, Songphon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-7694
Tadee, Pakpoom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-9678
Kittiwan, Nattinee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0601-1467
Pascoe, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-5121
Patchanee, Prapas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7690-0046
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation (MR/V001213/2)
Chiang Mai University (R66IN00547)
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University (R67IN00550)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Accepted: 10 August 2026
First Online: 20 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to publication: All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Chiang Mai University (R16/2566), ensuring adherence to ethical guidelines for the humane treatment of animals. All chickens were handled with minimal distress, and sample collection was performed in accordance with veterinary best practices to ensure animal welfare throughout the study. All authors have approved the manuscript and consent to publication.
