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Article History

Received: 3 April 2026

Accepted: 10 August 2026

First Online: 18 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: S.S. reports research grants from Philips Japan, ResMed, Fukuda Denshi, and Fukuda Lifetec Keiji (unrelated to the submitted work). The Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine receives funding from Philips Japan, Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Lifetec Keiji, and ResMed. H.O. reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca K.K., MSD K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., and Eli Lilly Japan K.K. (outside the submitted work). S.M. reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca K.K., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (outside the submitted work). All other authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto University (No. G1146-4) and by the institutional review boards of the participating hospitals. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.