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Authors
Huiyuan, Guan
Ze, Yang
De, Wang
Xingzhen, Zang
Zhaoxuan, Wang
Yilan, Ma
Peichen, Yang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This research was supported by the Soft Science Special Project of the Gansu Basic Research Plan under Grant No. 26JRZA112. (26JRZA112)
Higher Education Teacher Innovation Fund Project of the Gansu Provincial Department of Education (2025B-066)
2025 Lanzhou Youth Science and Technology Talent Innovation Project (2024-QN-169)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 16 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: The LBS mobile trajectory data used in this study were provided by a mobile operator after de-identification. The authors did not collect or access personally identifiable information such as names, ID numbers, phone numbers, or contact information. All analyses were conducted using anonymized identifiers and aggregated statistical outputs, and no attempt was made to re-identify individual users. The use of the de-identified data for this study was reviewed by the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, which approved the waiver of informed consent.
