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Article History

Received: 14 April 2026

Accepted: 12 August 2026

First Online: 15 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: D.V. and S.A.O. both work for MediaScience, which developed the software that produced the ads tested in this research. However, S.B. is employed by an institute that receives funding from multiple companies, including MediaScience’s competitors. Sponsors provide funding on the condition that the institute remains completely independent, with written acceptance that sponsors have no influence over data analysis or its interpretation. S.B. independently analyzed data provided by MediaScience and wrote this article. The views expressed represent S.B.’s alone and not necessarily those of MediaScience.