Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 March 2026

Accepted: 14 August 2026

First Online: 28 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Mahasarakham University (Certificate No. 543-451/2568). All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits prior to participation, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.Confidentiality and privacy were strictly maintained throughout the study. Data were collected anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was recorded. All data were securely stored and used solely for research purposes, with access restricted to the research team.In addition, informed consent was obtained from all experts involved in the questionnaire content validation process. The experts were informed about the purpose of their participation and voluntarily agreed to take part in the study.Trained research assistants, who were not part of the emergency medical service workforce under study, assisted in data collection. Their role was limited to distributing and collecting questionnaires and providing standardized instructions to participants. They had no access to identifiable information, and all completed questionnaires were returned directly to the research team in sealed envelopes. These procedures were implemented to ensure data integrity, minimize information bias, and maintain strict confidentiality.