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Authors
Ren, Xiaohe
Ji, Lei
Cai, Yingying
Lu, Yanyu
Li, Min
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Nursing Innovation Project of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (QDKY2025HL02)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2026
Accepted: 14 August 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qingdao Branch of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University(KYLL-KS-2025230) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were informed about the study purpose, methods, voluntary participation, right to withdraw, and confidentiality protection.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
