Bera, Soumen
Brown, Ryan
Malmrose, Paige
Vellky, Jordan E.
Maienschein-Cline, Mark
Prins, Gail S.
Pierce, Brandon L.
Vander Griend, Donald J.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (RC2-ES018758-S1)
National Institutes of Health (R21ES035491)
National Institutes of Health (R21ES035491)
Article History
Received: 30 January 2026
Accepted: 18 August 2026
First Online: 25 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics statement: All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Primary human hepatocytes were obtained as commercially available, de-identified biological materials purchased from Lonza Biosciences, USA. Ethical approval, donor screening, and informed consent were obtained by the supplier prior to distribution. The authors did not recruit human subjects directly and did not have access to identifiable donor information; therefore, additional institutional review board approval was not required for this study.