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Authors
Abe, Hiroto
Araki, Tatsuhiro
Karino, Takahiro
Ohzeki, Masayuki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2026
Accepted: 19 August 2026
First Online: 23 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not involve human subjects research. Data collection consisted solely of aggregate pedestrian counts at zone boundaries recorded by staff using manual tally counters; no personal data were collected and individual identification was impossible. This observational procedure did not require ethics committee approval or informed consent.
