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Authors
Choo, Hyunhee https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7743-1770
Kim, Young Ho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4284-1874
Chang, Kunyoung https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4613-1953
Hong, Pureum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7112-5498
Kim, Minseo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7779-8918
Kim, Soo Jin https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2900-482X
Shin, Jeong Won https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-0573
Ji, Hyeok https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5220-0886
Chae, Hwa Sung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-2532
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2026
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 2 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval and consent to participate: All human research procedures were followed in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee responsible for human experimentation (institutional and national), and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of AJOU University Hospital (IRB No: AJOUIRB-DB-2024-229). The IRB committees of Ajou University Hospital waived the requirement for patient-informed consent, as this was a retrospective study based on medical records and imaging data, and the waiver of consent posed minimal risk to the research participants.
