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Authors
Aljedani, Nawal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3507-0749
Alotaibi, Reem https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-0046
Cherif, Asma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3875-074X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
General Authority for Defense Development (GADD_2024_01_0235)
KAU Endowment
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Article History
Received: 3 May 2026
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 11 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: This study used the publicly available CrisisMMD benchmark dataset, which contains social-media posts and associated images collected during crisis events. No new human-subject data were collected for this study. The dataset was used in accordance with its public research-use setting. Because crisis-related social-media content may contain sensitive information, this study was conducted only in an offline benchmark setting and does not make claims about operational deployment.
