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Authors
Mengistie, Muluken Belachew
Mengistu, Abraham Keffale
Ayalew, Wubete Lule
Assaye, Bayou Tilahun
Tizie, Sefefe Birhanu
Gebeyew, Ayenew Sisay
Shimie, Aynadis Worku
Teferi, Gizaw Hailiye
Emiru, Eshete Derb
Ayalew, Mezigebu Lule
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 13 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The PMA Ethiopia survey dataset is a publicly available resource that adheres to rigorous ethical standards aligned with the Declaration of Helsinki. The PMA Ethiopia survey project formally granted permission to use the de-identified dataset through its legal registration and data access agreements. The data is hosted in the public domain on the PMA website ( ) and can be accessed upon reasonable request.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. No identifying details, images, or personal information of participants are included in this manuscript. All data were anonymized before analysis, and no individual consent for publication was required.
Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
