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Authors
Feng, Xin
Yang, Qingqing
Ren, Yi
Liu, Yao
Xu, Jian
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present analysis employed de-identified, publicly available CHARLS data, which had received prior ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015). This secondary analysis was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
