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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2026

First Online: 2 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interest: All authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.

Ethical Approval: This study used de-identified data from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), obtained from the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR). The SHHS received ethical approval from institutional review boards at all participating U.S. centers, and all participants provided written informed consent. In accordance with the Swiss Human Research Act (HRA), no additional ethical approval was required for the secondary use of this anonymized, publicly available data set. The secondary usage of the Bern Sleep-Wake Registry (BSWR) was approved by the local ethics committee (Kantonale Ethikkommission Bern [KEK]-Nr. 2022-00415), ensuring compliance with the HRA and the Ordinance on Human Research with the Exception of Clinical Trials (HRO). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study, only de-identified data were made available, and these were maintained with confidentiality throughout the study.

Code availability: The underlying code supporting the findings of this study is publicly available at .