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Authors
Alrawashdeh, Rana
Rahman, Md. Mahfuzur
Aljughaiman, Ahmed
Niazi, Mahmood
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems (IRC-ISS) through the Deanship of Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (GRANT No. INSS2622)
Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (GRANT No. KFU264486)
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Article History
Received: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2026
First Online: 5 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: Dr. Rana Alrawashdeh is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science and holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science. Her research interests include machine learning, deep learning, cybersecurity, and data mining. Dr. Md Mahfuzur Rahman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Science (ICS) at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science. His current research focuses on cloud computing, cybersecurity, blockchain, and machine learning. Dr. Ahmed Aljughaiman is an Associate Professor at King Faisal University and holds a Ph.D. in Security Engineering, with an extensive academic background in computer networks and information assurance. His areas of expertise include cybersecurity, wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and software-defined networking. Prof. Mahmood Niazi is a Professor of Software Engineering at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. His research interests include sustainable, reliable, and secure software engineering processes, software security engineering, evidence-based software engineering, and insider threat management. Collectively, all authors possess the relevant expertise and competencies necessary to support their respective contributions to this research.
