Liu, Mengyun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-0330
Abdullahi, Fariyo https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6036-9778
Jackson, Charlotte https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8544-7685
Collins, Intira Jeannie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2132-6037
Thorne, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-1956
Hardelid, Pia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0154-1306
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Commission (101045989)
European Commission (101045989)
European Commission (101045989)
European Commission (101045989)
European Commission (101045989)
European Commission (101045989)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00004/03)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00004/03)
Article History
Received: 8 February 2026
Accepted: 28 August 2026
First Online: 8 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare they have no competing interests.
Transparency statement: The lead author affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.
Dissemination to participants and related patient and public communities: Dissemination to participants is not possible as this study analysed pseudonymised data only. Dissemination to women, families, and healthcare practitioners will be undertaken via social media and the programme website (https://verdiproject.org/) and through summary articles for professional and third-sector organisations. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.