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Article History

Received: 27 July 2026

Accepted: 1 September 2026

First Online: 1 October 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study used anonymised HFEA Register data for treatment cycles undertaken in the UK. The anonymised Register data are made available by the HFEA for research purposes and have been stripped of direct identifiers relating to patients and children born following treatment. No identifiable patient, partner, donor or offspring data were accessed, no data linkage was performed and no individuals were contacted during this study. As the analysis used only anonymised secondary data, additional patient consent was not required. The study was conducted in accordance with HFEA data-access requirements.