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Article History

Received: 6 April 2026

Accepted: 1 September 2026

First Online: 19 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The study and all experimental protocols were evaluated and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CEIm) of the Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor. The requirement for explicit informed consent from the subjects was officially waived by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CEIm) of the Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor due to the retrospective nature of the research and the exclusive use of fully anonymized archival tissue samples. Furthermore, no potentially identifiable human images, clinical records, or personal data are presented in this manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Code availability: The custom code, trained weights, foundation model adaptation classes, data loading routines, and inference scripts used to construct and evaluate the Foundation-DSU architecture have been deposited in a public repository linked to Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20939040) and are freely accessible to the scientific community upon request or via the permanent repository link.