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Authors
Wang, Helong
Yang, Xiaoliang
Yuan, Ruoyao
Gao, Le
Liu, Nan
Yuan, Jiaojiao
Zhao, Ming
Gao, Guoyi
Cao, Weidong
Wang, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Project of Baoji City Health Commission (2026-055)
General Program of Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2024JC-YBMS-734)
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Article History
Received: 11 May 2026
Accepted: 2 September 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical statement: This study was conducted using de-identified, publicly available retrospective data from the MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD databases hosted by PhysioNet. The original data collection protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived owing to the retrospective, observational, and fully de-identified nature of the study.
