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Optimal load frequency control and automatic voltage regulation in four-area interconnected power systems using FOPD-FOPIDD2 controller design with energy valley optimizer

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70622-2

Published Online: 2026-10-06

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

AboRas, Kareem M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-468X
Mostafa, Hamada

Megahed, Ashraf Ibrahim

Hossam-Eldin, Ahmed
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-10-06

Version of Record valid from 2026-10-06
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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2026

First Online: 6 October 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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