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Article History

Received: 26 February 2026

Accepted: 4 September 2026

First Online: 8 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics statement and consent to participate: Ethical approval for the interview-based ethnobotanical survey was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India ( F. No. RGU/EO-55/IEC/2022/). Institutional authorization for field surveys and sample collection was granted by Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh ( Memo No. REGN-4075/2022/105, dated 16 December 2022). This study involved noninvasive ethnobotanical interviews with adult participants and field documentation; no clinical interventions or animal experiments were conducted. The study adhered to the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology and the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing (2010). Participation was voluntary; the study objectives, intended use of the information, and confidentiality safeguards were explained to all participants; participants could withdraw at any time; and prior informed consent (written and/or verbal, as appropriate) was obtained. Data were anonymized, and personally identifiable information was included in publications only with explicit permission.

Consent for publication: Written prior informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants. For photographs, specific permission to publish images was obtained from all identifiable individuals; where permission was not provided, images were excluded or faces were obscured.