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Authors
Shahrul, Al Imran
Ashari, Asma
Mokhtar, Mohd Hadri Hafiz
Zamani, Nurul Syahira Mohamad
Suhaimi, Nur Balzureen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dana Ganjaran Pembangunan Kerjaya (Career Development Incentive Fund) for the year 2025
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Article History
Received: 29 June 2026
Accepted: 4 September 2026
First Online: 10 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declares no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not involve human participants or identifiable personal data. Ethical approval for the use of an anonymised digital dental model obtained from an institutional database was granted by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (Reference no: JEP-2025-356). All methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study used an anonymised digital dental model with no identifiable individual data or images; consent for publication of identifying material was therefore not required.
