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Authors
Mahmoudian, Amaneh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-8208
Jamshidiavval, Narjes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-8477
Shamsalinia, Abbas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-0215
Abad, Yasin Jafari Rahim https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7765-8941
Mousavi, Tuba https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9677-8173
Ghaffari, Fatemeh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-1579
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Article History
Received: 9 July 2026
Accepted: 6 September 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUBABOL.REC.1404.183). Institutional permissions were obtained from Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and all participating hemodialysis centers before data collection commenced. All participants received both verbal and written information regarding the study objectives, procedures, and their rights as research participants. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences for their medical care. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. To ensure confidentiality and privacy, all collected data were fully anonymized, and personal identifiers were replaced with unique numerical codes throughout data management and analysis.
