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Authors
Pan, Yueshuai
Lv, Bohan
Kuang, Guofang
Gu, Ruting
Li, Qianqian
Wei, Lili https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2891-5889
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Youth Research Fund (QDFYQN2024119)
Shandong Nursing Association Research Program (SDHLKT202209)
Shandong Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Program (202414030736)
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 7 September 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (QYFYKYLL 924311921). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
