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Article History

Received: 10 July 2026

Accepted: 7 September 2026

First Online: 2 October 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Disclosure: During the preparation of this work, the authors used Gemini (Google) in order to refine the technical prose and improve the linguistic clarity of the manuscript. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

Ethics: The residential household electricity and photovoltaic measurement data utilized in this study were obtained from the Pecan Street Dataport. Because the data were sourced entirely from a pre-existing, fully de-identified public repository, institutional ethical approval and individual informed consent were not required.