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Authors
Joos, Raphaela
Das, Anubhav
Ahern, Grace
Dempsey, Eugene
Lavelle, Aonghus
Murray, Deirdre
Ross, R. Paul
Kiely, Mairead
Stanton, Catherine
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Leap (LEAP 1kD)
Wellcome Leap (LEAP 1kD)
Science Foundation Ireland (INFANT/B3067)
European Regional Development Fund
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Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 8 September 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: COMBINE was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set forth in the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013). All trial procedures including participant information and informed consent forms were approved by the UCC Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Cork Teaching Hospitals, Lancaster 86 Hall, 6 Little Hanover Street, Cork (CREC) [ECM4(hh)06/01/15 and ECM3(bbb)10/04/18]. Written informed consent was provided by parents on behalf of all infant participants prior to study commencement. The study is registered at .
