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Authors
Sanou, Antoine
Guelbeogo, Moussa W.
Tapsoba, Madou
Sanon, Bénoît
Cissé, Fatoumata
Stopard, Isaac J.
Dee, Dominic
Zongo, Soumanaba
Zoungrana, Leandre D.
Bado, Maurice G.
Matope, Agnes
Jones, Jeff
Churcher, Thomas
Mccall, Philip
Sagnon, Nfale
Foster, Geraldine Marie
Ranson, Hilary
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (222019/Z/20/Z)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, United State of America (OPP1200155)
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Article History
Received: 29 March 2026
Accepted: 9 September 2026
First Online: 16 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Bioethics Committee (N°2019/000007_MS_SG_CNRFP/CIB of 18th July 2019) and LSTM Research Ethics Committee (19–038). Prior written informed consents were acquired from each volunteer sleeping in the hut before their involvement in the research. Further, all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
