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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2026

First Online: 24 September 2026

Declarations

Clinical trial number: Not applicable. The prospective component reported in “Intervention strategy optimisation effect evaluation” section was a non-randomised, institution-level exploratory evaluation built on routinely collected monitoring data rather than a clinical trial, and it was not prospectively registered on a public trial registry. We report it against the TREND statement for non-randomised evaluations 46 and draw on CONSORT-AI 47 only for the items that concern the AI system itself. The absence of registration is a limitation rather than a formality, and the confirmatory cluster-randomised trial proposed in the Conclusion will be registered before enrolment.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consent to its publication. No individually identifiable information regarding participants has been included in this manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shandong Sport University (Reference Number: IRB-SDSU-2020-089) and the Research Ethics Committee of Guangdong Technology College (Reference Number: IRB-GDTC-2020-042). All participating athletes and their respective sports organisations provided written informed consent prior to enrolment. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations governing human subjects research in the People’s Republic of China.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.