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Article History

Received: 18 July 2026

Accepted: 11 September 2026

First Online: 22 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval: This study uses a publicly available dataset of video clips hosted on Kaggle. The videos were originally collected from publicly accessible online platforms (e.g., YouTube) where they were uploaded by patients, caregivers, or medical educators. No protected health information (PHI) or personally identifiable metadata accompanies the dataset. Eyes are blurred in any released frames to further protect privacy. Because the study analyzes only pre-existing, de-identified, publicly available data and does not involve direct interaction with human subjects, prospective recruitment, or collection of new data, it is exempt from institutional review board (IRB) approval under the common exemption for secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified datasets. No ethics approval was required or sought. We acknowledge that the ethical status of web-sourced medical video is an evolving area, and we encourage future work to seek explicit ethics review when using similar data, particularly if individual re-identification is possible.