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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2026

First Online: 23 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics statement: This study involved a voluntary sensory (hedonic) evaluation of chocolate spread conducted with adult participants. All participants were informed about the study’s purpose and procedures before participating, and each participant provided written informed consent. Participants could withdraw at any time, and all data were collected anonymously. The study did not involve any medical or clinical interventions, invasive procedures, biological specimen collections, or the collection of sensitive personal data. The research was conducted in accordance with applicable national guidelines for research ethics. An official statement confirming the ethical conduct and administrative status of this study has been provided by the Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran.