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Authors
Yan, Chengye https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7429-8413
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2026
Accepted: 15 September 2026
First Online: 4 October 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Ethical approval: This study used publicly available, de-identified secondary credit-risk datasets. No new human participants were recruited, no intervention was conducted, and no identifiable private information was collected or analysed. Institutional ethics approval and informed consent were therefore not required for this secondary analysis.
