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Article History

Received: 4 August 2026

Accepted: 16 September 2026

First Online: 20 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Before survey administration, the Master’s research plan and anonymous questionnaire procedure were reviewed and approved in 2026 by the Research Plan Discussion Committee, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Taiz University, Yemen, under the Faculty’s Master’s research-plan approval process. Signed and stamped Dean’s letters subsequently documented institutional cooperation and site access. The Committee is identified by its institutional name and is not described as an independent IRB. All methods followed relevant institutional requirements and the Declaration of Helsinki. Documentary authorization is supplied confidentially for editorial verification. All participants were 18 years of age or older. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation. Participation was voluntary and anonymous; the purpose of the study was explained before questionnaire completion, and consent was documented through voluntary completion and submission of the anonymous questionnaire in accordance with the approved study procedure. No direct personal identifiers were collected.

Consent for publication: The manuscript reports de-identified aggregate results and contains no participant photographs, direct quotations, or identifiable case descriptions.

Use of generative AI: During manuscript revision, the authors used OpenAI ChatGPT to assist with language refinement, organization of revision materials, and review of code documentation. The tool was not used as an author or as an autonomous scientific decision-maker. All analyses, numerical results, interpretations, code outputs, and final manuscript content were independently checked, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the work.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.